The five principles to making good garden compost are

               -Carbon to nitrogen ratio. All living organisms are made of large amounts of carbon (C) combined with smaller amounts of nitrogen (N). This ratio is an important factor determining how easily bacteria can decompose organic waste. The microorganisms in garden compost use carbon for energy and nitrogen for protein synthesis. Given a steady diet at this 30:1 ratio, bacteria can work on organic material very quickly

              - Moisture content (if you squeeze the garden compost you should just get a drop of moisture or none at all), 40-50% moisture

              -Temperature-the pile should not exceed a temperature of 70 degrees the pile should be turned at 65 degrees.

              To build a garden compost pile, start with a 10-15cm layer of chopped branches or other coarse material set on top of the soil. This will let air circulate under the base of the pile.   

 
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            Next, add a 3-8-10cm inch layer of grass clippings (low carbon organic material) to your garden compost. You should moisten all layers as you add to the pile. Next add a 10-15cm layer of high carbon organic material (leaves or garden waste).

                Add a layer of good garden compost or soil to the pile to introduce the microorganisms needed to break down the organic matter.
               Mix the layers together before adding another layer to the pile. This will ensure a speedy and even garden composting of the organic matter. Repeat the "layering" process until the garden composting bin is filled.

 Other ingredients you can are kitchen scrapes, paper, cardboard, leaves, woody material that been through the garden mulched.

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   Containers or structures to house your garden compost. - Square box (50cm x 50cm) with a flap at the front to collect your finished garden compost. Then add your ingredients.

                  You can buy a lot of different types of garden compost makers from small plastic igloo shape bins to rotating barrels on a stand. The rotating barrel on a stand is great as you can turn the compost with little effort. It is raised so when the garden compost is made then just wheel your wheel barrow in, open up the flap to the compost bin and fill it up. Off to the garden we go to spread your compost.

                Maintenance of the garden compost involves turning the pile and adding water to maintain conditions conducive to the composting process. In an active compost pile the temperature will increase rapidly and soon reach about 70 degrees. At the end of week 1, the pile should be opened to the air and any compacted material should be loosened. Then the pile should be reconstructed; material previously on the top and sides of the pile should be moved to the center. At the end of second week, the pile should be turned again. Each time the material should be turned back to the center of the pile. At each turning, the moisture content should be checked using the squeeze test. Water should be added if necessary. 

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                The garden compost will be finished when the pile cools off and decreases to about one-third of its original volume. It will be dark, crumbly, and have an earthy odor.

           For best results you should turn your garden compost into the soil. Or put a layer of mulch over your garden compost.Your compost contains millions of soil organism that need to be under the soil or away from the harmful sunlight to survive.

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